My book

            First at all, i want to say thanks to Allah for helping me and give me chance to finish this assigment on time. And i would like to say thank you to Mr. Budianto Hammudin as the lecturer that always teaches us and give much knowledge about Introduction to Linguistics. Ok, i will tell you about my book. What is it in. 

Dasar – Dasar Linguistik Umum tell about to learn linguistics  (language) universally, not foccus only one language.  This book consists of eleven chapters that present  the meaning or the nature of language, theories of language, the flow of language, till language data that  could served as an example to be analyzed

On the first chapter, it tells about hakikat bahasa  or nature of language. Hakikat bahasa is seen from  that two viewpoints, are viewponits of traditional, and viewpoint of the structual. Both of them, there are advantages and disadvantages. The next chapter is language function or  fungsi Bahasa based on the opinion of Roman Jacobson. The history of language will be explained on third chapter. It tells the first person to think about language into philosophical, he is Plato. On the middle part the development of linguistics in the western world (greece) and the east (india) and the originator of the latest theory (Tagmetik). Fourth chapter about liinguistics and scopes.

The next  chapter is the type of languages in the world or the division is base on the theory geneoligis language so it can  produce a wide variety of languages in the world. Linguistics theory on the sixth chapter. This is about traditional theory, structual, tagmetik, transformasi untill the grammar. I think that’s all i can tell about this book.

PHONETICS

Phonetics is the study of the speech sound that occur in all human languages to represent meanings (Fromkin/Rodman 1993:176)

Type of Phonetics:

1.      Articulator Phonetics

Study of the way how speech sounds are made (articulated) by the vocal organs

2.      Acoustic Phonetics

Study of the physical propeties of the speech sound

3.      Auditory Phonetics

Study of the perceptual response to speech sounds through ear, auditory nerve, brain.

Classification of Sound

            Sounds are classified into consonant and vowels. Consonant are sounds that are procuded with a major obsturction in the mouth cavity. For example, in the case of [t] there is direct  contact between the tip of the tounge (active articulator) and the alveolar ridge (passive articulator), so that the airflow coming from the lungs can leave the mouth cavity only when  the obstruction is removed. Vowels are sound that procuded without such obstruction. For example, in the case of [i:] there is a gap within the mouth that is determined by the position of the tongue, and airflow can escape relative freely.

            Another difference betwen consonants and vowels is that vowels are generally voiced, i,e. The vocal cords are set vibrating by the outgoing airflow. Consonants, by contrast can be voiced and voiceless: the vocal cords are either far apart dont vibrate, as in fan, or they are reltively closed and vibrate as in van.

Classification of consonant

            Factors relevant for the classification of consonant include  the manner of articulation, the place of articulation, and voicing. With regard to the manner of articulation, english consonant can be classified into plovies,  plosive, fricatives, affricates, nasals, liquids, and semi-vowels.

Classification of vowels

Depending on the height of the tounge, vowels can be classified into high, low and mid vowels:

1.      When the front or the back of the tounge is raised towards the roof of the mouth, the vowel s called high.

2.       When the front or the back of the tounge is as low as possible, the vowel is called low.

3.      When the tounge occupies the position intermediate between the high and the low one , the vowel is called mid.

Depending on the part of the tounge that is raised most vowels are classified into front, back, and central vowels:

1.      When the front of the tounge is raised towards the hard palate, the vowles is called font.

2.      When the front of the tounge is raised towards the soft palate, the vowel is called back.

3.      When the front of the tounge is raised towards the back part of the hard palate, the vowel is called central.

Introduction to Linguistic

Linguistic is the study of language. It is a means to communicate, it is a semiotic system. By that we simply mean that is a set of signs. Its a sign is a pair consisting- in the word of Ferdinand de Saussure- of a signifier and a signified. We  pefer to call tthe signifier the exponed and the signified the meaning. For example, in English the string/ dog/ is a signifier, and its signified is, say, doghood, or the set of all dogs.

In linguistics, language signs are constituted of six different levels, not just two: phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics.

Ø  Phonetics is the study of speech sound of human languages, their production and their perception.

Ø  Phonology is the study of how speech sounds pattern. 

Ø  Morphology is the study of word or te study of the minimal meaningful units of language. It studies of structure of word, however from a semantic viewpoint rather than from the viewpoint of sound. 

Ø  Syntax is the study of how words combine  to form sentences

Ø  Semantics is the study of meaning. Meaning is not just  some aspect of the form in which expressions are put by the language.

Ø  Pragmatics is the study of language in context.

my self

Hello everyone
i would like to introduce my self. My name is widya, but my family and my friends called me awik. Sometime my friends asked me, ‘why is  your name so short?’ and i replied ‘ i dunno, just asks my mom.’ And sometimes im gonna say what in my mind like  imagine in the future life. They will be laugh so hard of my imaginations. I forget to say that i was born in Pekanbaru, April 4^th  1997. And how about my siblings? I have three brothers and one sissy. They are named Barton Jefri, Deni saputra, Yeni Winarti, Herminsyah and yeah im the youngest sissy. They are so lovely, im so lucky to have them in my life. Especially my sissy  J yap so many people in the world has hobby and me too. I love listening music, so i love singing too. Eventhou my voice is not good. So im the singer of bathroom you know, only in bathroom guys. From the listening music made me into the soul of the lyrics or we called it like baper maybe. And how about my dreams? I have so many dreams, the conclusion of my dreams is to be success, same with the others people. Because i chose english departmen, ima calon teacher. I hope i can be a good teacher. Thanks for your attention to read my blog. I hope you_the readers never bored with my articles. Im still new here, still learn. So i need your comment, your suggestions, etc for the next article to be better. Thank so much and bye bye