Nama : widya
Kelas/ nim : vb/ 1588203076
1.
What is Sociolinguistics?
Sociolinguistics
is the study of the relation between language and society and the way people use
language in different social situations. Or sociolinguistics, the
study of the sociological aspects of language . The discipline
concerns itself with the part language plays in maintaining the social roles in
a community
Sociolinguists attempt to isolate those linguistic features that are used in
particular situations and that mark the various social relationships among the
participants and the significant elements of the situation. Influences on the
choice of sounds, grammatical elements, and vocabulary items may include such
factors as age, sex, education,
occupation,,race
and peer-group identification, among others.
2.
Why do we learn Sociolinguistics?
Cause
sociolinguistics analyzes the many and diverse ways in which language and
society entwine. This vast field of inquiry requires and combines insights from
a number of disciplines, including linguistics, sociology, psychology and
anthropology. Sociolinguistics examines the interplay of language and society,
with language as the starting point. Variation is the key concept, applied to
language itself and to its use. The basic premise of sociolinguistics is that
language is variable and changing. As a
result, language is not homogeneous — not for the individual user and not
within or among groups of speakers who use the same language. By studying
written records, sociolinguists also examine how language and society have
interacted in the past. For example, they have tabulated the frequency of the
singular pronoun thou and its replacement you in dated
hand-written or printed documents and correlated changes in frequency with
changes in class structure in 16th and 17th century
England. This is historical sociolinguistics: the study of relationship between
changes in society and changes in language over a period of time.
3.
What is the relation between language
and society?
That
we know society need language to communicate. When two people or more than two
people communicate with each other in speech, we can call the system of
communication that they employ a code. In most cases that code will be
something we may want to call a language. We should also note that two speakers
who are bilingual. That is, who have acces to two codes, and who for one reason
or another shift back and forth between the two languages as they convers,
either by code – switching or code-mixing, are actually using a third code, one
which draws on those two languages. If there is no language in this world, we
can not interaction with the society. Maybe we are talking by using sign
language. So it is one of the reasons why language is available relation with
society.
4.
Pleaase mention and explain the branches
of linguistics!
1. General
linguistic generally describes the concepts and categories of a particular
language or among all language. It also provides analyzed theory of the
language.Descriptive linguistic describes or gives the data to confirm or
refute the theory of particular language explained generally.
2. Micro
linguistic is narrower view. It is concerned internal view of language itself
(structure of language systems) without related to other sciences and without
related how to apply it in daily life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
a.
Phonetics, the study of the physical properties of sounds of human language
b.
Phonology, the study of sounds as discrete, abstract elements in the speaker's
mind that distinguish meaning
c.
Morphology, the study of internal structures of words and how they can be
modified
d. Syntax,
the study of how words combine to form grammatical sentences
e.
Semantics, the study of the meaning of words (lexical semantics) and fixed word
combinations (phraseology), and how these combine to form the meanings of
sentences
f.
Pragmatics, the study of how utterances are used (literally, figuratively, or
otherwise) in communicative acts
g. Discourse
analysis, the analysis of language use in texts (spoken, written, or signed)
h. Applied
linguistic is the branch of linguistic that is most concerned with application
of the concepts in everyday life, including language-teaching.
3. Macro
linguistic is broadest view of language. It is concerned external view of
language itself with related to other sciences and how to apply it in daily
life. Some fields of micro linguistic:
a.
Stylistics, the study of linguistic factors that place a discourse in context.
b.
Developmental linguistics, the study of the development of linguistic ability
in an individual, particularly the acquisition of language in childhood.
c.
Historical linguistics or Diachronic linguistics, the study of language change.
d. Language
geography, the study of the spatial patterns of languages.
e.
Evolutionary linguistics, the study of the origin and subsequent development of
language.
f.
Psycholinguistics, the study of the cognitive processes and representations
underlying language use.
g.
Sociolinguistics, the study of social patterns and norms of linguistic
variability.
h. Clinical
linguistics, the application of linguistic theory to the area of
Speech-Language Pathology.
i. Neurolinguistics,
the study of the brain networks that underlie grammar and communication.
j.
Biolinguistics, the study of natural as well as human-taught communication
systems in animals compared to human language.
5.
What is standard language? Giving an
example!
Standard
language is an official form of language. This kind of form of languages are
always artificially modified at least to some degree. Standard language is the
way to use language in official and formal situation as in newspapers and
public speeches. The core idea of standard language is to codify a public,
particularly written language so that it is accessible to every speaker of the
language to be used in education, media and science.
6.
Elaborating the language, dialect
and accent, please!
-
Language
is central to social interaction in every society, regardless of location and
time period. Language and social interaction have a reciprocal
relationship: language shapes social
interactions and social interactions shape language.
-
dialect is a regional or social variety
of a language
distinguished by pronunciation,
grammar,
and / or vocabulary.
For vocabulary in british: Football, biscuit, shop. And america Soccer,
cookie, store.
-
accent is the way that particular person
or group of people sound . It’s the way somebody pronounces words, the
musicality of their speech, etc. A dialect describes both a person’s accent and
the grammatical features of the way that person talks. For example, you
can see the different between america and british accent. In america " can
" and " can't "are similiar to pronunciation while british
it has different to pronunciation.
7.
Giving an example of formal language and
informal language?
Formal
language : the research project will not
continue next year
Informal
language : the research project
won’t continue next year
8.
What aspects of language are
sociolinguitics interestered in?
Sociolinguists are interested in explaining why people
speak differently in different social contexts. And the effect of social
factors such as (social distance, social status, age, gender, class) on
language varieties (dialects, registers, genres, etc), and they are concerned
with identifying the social functions of language and the way they are used to
convey social meanings.
9. When
two or more people from different language met and tried to communicate, what
should they do?
a.
Pidgin
b.
Creole
c.
Lingua franca
- Pidgin:
it is a language which has no native speakers. Pidgins develop as a means of
communication between people who don't have a common language.
- Creole:
when a pidgin becomes the language of newly-born generations as a mother-tongue
or first language, and acquires additional vocabulary and grammatical
structures to serve their various necessary communicative needs (referential
and social functions) it becomes a Creole.
-
Lingua franca: a language used
for communication between different language users, for people whose first
languages differ, such as pidgin between European colonizers and African slaves
(Swahili).
So i think pidginis the
best answer .
10.
Why do people switch and mix a language?
Code switching can be
used in a variety of degrees, whether it is used at home with family and
friends, or used with superiors at the workplace. as an acceptable form of
communication in society, and may feel comfortable switching languages in
everyday normal conversation.
Language mixing is the
term used to describe the phenomenon of communication though the usage of two
languages as if they were one language. From this definition makes it clear
that the mixing occurs among children during the time before they differentiate
and separate their two languages. The mixing is unconscious and is used by the
child without regard of their interlocutor's understanding of both languages
The children are simply using words that they have acquired to communicate
their needs at the given moment. The term language mixing is also used in
reference to adult bilinguals. However, in this reference, the definition is
entirely different. When used to explain the speech phenomenon of specific
adults, language mixing is a conscious use of a blend of two languages where
interlocutors understand both languages.
11.
Giving an example of code switching and
code mixing!
Code mixing : This morning I hantar my baby tu dekat babysitter tu lah
Code switching :
Ibu t : Bu H, kumaha cai tadi wengi?
Di abdi mah tabuh sapuluh nembe ngocor, kitu ge alit.
Ibu H : Sami atuh. Bagaimana
ibu T, nih? Kan biasanya air lancar.
In the conversation there are two languages: Sundanese
and Indonesian. The language used by mother A to mother H is Sundanese
language. The code change occurs when H's mother speaks to mother T in
Indonesian. This is possible because T's mother can not speak Sundanese.
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